Early Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Early Intervention - Essay Example first one is IFSP - Individualized Family Service Plan is a plan put together by the multidisciplinary team to help the family assist the child in the functioning of day to day activities. The parents should be involved in the team that comes up with the program. The second one is EIT - Early Intervention Team this team carries out the goals made in the IFSP. The team meets once or twice in a week to work with the parents and the children. Martine has done a great job in helping her son who has a disability. From her experience, I have learned it is important to be keen on your child’s growth. After she had discovered her son had a disability, she went through the program that would enable her to help her son. She also involved her spouse in the process so that they would work as a team. The program has helped her to give the son an opportunity to be independent. She sets a good example for parents with children with

Customer Information Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Customer Information Privacy - Essay Example It is indisputable that no confidential information concerning the customers and their buying behavior should be disclosed to other businesses either for consideration or otherwise. The CNET News reports that companies like Boo.com, Toysmart and CraftShop.com have tried to sell their customers' data (phone number, home address and credit card number) to other business entities (Sandoval, 2000). The report further documents that "it is inappropriate and illegal to sell customer information when it was collected under the assumption that it wouldn't be shared" (Sandoval, 2000). Since it has been assured by the firms to their customers that their personal data would not be transferred, it is quite unethical and unprofessional to share such information with other business organizations or agencies. If a firm decides to share the information about its customers with outside organizations, there exists a breach of contract between the company and the customers. As a result, the customers c an approach concerned authority to make good of such breach. At the time of filling up the forms or any other requirements, it is usually seen that the customers' information would not be disclosed under any circumstances. In its private policy of Dell Company, it has been specified that they won't sell their customers' information to anybody without the customers' consent.

Analysis of Two Pictures by Dorothea Lange Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Two Pictures by Dorothea Lange Essay Dorothea Lange is one of the America’s most renowned documentary photographers. Yet her works can not be considered as â€Å"purely† documental. Lnge’s ability to demonstrate the inner world of her heroes and her masterful photographic techniques placed her works in the middle between photography and art. In this paper I will attempt to review and analyze two Lange’s photographs: â€Å"Human Erosion in California† (â€Å"Migrant Mother†) and â€Å"Child and Her Mother†. I am going to analyze them in terms of style, symbolism and influence on future Lange’s career and development of the art of photography. â€Å"Human Erosion in California† and â€Å"Child and Her Mother† are separated with the period of three years being made in 1936 and 1939 respectively. This was a time when Lange was about forty and her talent flourished reaching its highpoint. At that time she made her name as a social critic, as her matter of primary concern was the fate of poor and dispossessed people . â€Å"Human Erosion in California† is probably her most famous picture touching this theme. More broadly, Lange was interested in the people as they are and people in different situations. The â€Å"Child and Her Mother† is more a psychological than social work, or, better to say, a work on human psychology in a stagnating society. Here Lange could apply her experience she received working with Maynard Dixon and in the portrait studio to develop her own original style . The picture that later became known as â€Å"Human Erosion in California† or â€Å"Migrant Mother† was originally made in California in 1936. This picture that became almost an iconic vision of the Great Depression depicts Florence Owens Thompson, a Cherokee woman whose husband died in 1932 leaving her with five children and expecting the sixth child. Describing their meeting Lange wrote: I did not ask her name or her history. She told me her age, that she was 32. She said that they had been living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields and birds that the children killed. She had just sold the tires from her car to buy food. Lange has made several pictures of the same model to find the best perspective. The most famous of the pictures she made demonstrates a prematurely aged woman sitting in a camp with two underage children cuddling to their mother. The woman looks both tensed and tired. Her look can not be called desperate, she rather seems to be disappointed and desolated. A woman can not afford herself to become frustrated as she has to care of the babies. Despite of all her grieves she looks strong and decisive. This picture places a model in the centre while the details of the background are unimportant. Much later Thompson told that Langer promised her not to publish the picture and to send her a copy, yet she did neither. Officially the picture was made for the government and Lange never received royalties for it, but this work was a landmark that contributed greatly to her success. 20 000 pounds of food arrived to the camp where the picture was made after publication of the picture, but Thompson has not received any since she had already moved in search of work . Durden observes that many of Lange’s pictures â€Å"focus on the expressive potential of the body’s gesture† . This is true for the â€Å"Migrant Mother†, but this feature of Lange’s work can be most obviously illustrated by the â€Å"Child and Her Mother†. The picture was made in 1939 in the Yakima Valley near Washington. It is less famous than the â€Å"Migrant Mother†, yet not less brilliant as it presents another aspect of Lange’s talent. â€Å"Child and Her Mother† is a socio-psychological work combining the view of a teenage frustration with social blunders. From the artistic point of view Lange used a different composition in this picture. In contrast to static â€Å"Migrant Mother† this photograph presents movement and tensed rhythm. A child, who can also be perceived as a young girl downcasts her eyes linking against the wire fence while carefully observed by her mother. Both stand on a sandy desert land burned by sun, but the mother attempts to cover her eyes while the daughter keeps them open. It appears that the girl is trying to escape the life that her mother has lived in order to overcome sadness and poverty . Lange’s work in the times of the Great Depression are not unique. Not less famous are, for example, works of Arthur Rothstein. Yet Lange is distinguished by her profound sympathetic understanding not of the social phenomena, but of the people suffering from it. This is a kind of â€Å"female view† of the Great Depression as an event that revealed the hidden sides of people’s characters. For this reason Lange’s pictures would hardly be lost in the stream of her contemporaries’ works. Works Cited: 1. Partridge, Elizabeth. Restless Spirit: The Life and Work of Dorothea Lange. Puffin, 1991; 2. Meltzer, Milton. Dorothea Lange: A Photographers Life. Syracuse University Press; 1st Syracuse University Press Ed edition, 2000; 3. Durden, Mark. Dorothea Lange. Phaidon Press, 2006; 4. Spirn, Anne Winston. Daring to Look: Dorothea Langes Photographs and Reports from the Field. University Of Chicago Press, 2008; 5. Maksel, Rebecca. â€Å"Migrant Madonna†. Smithsonian magazine, March 2002. http://www. smithsonianmag. com/arts-culture/Migrant_Madonna. html retrieved April 27, 2009.

Windows Server Deployment Proposal

Windows Server Deployment Proposal Contoso Advertising has two locations. The main site location is in Pensacola, Florida (FL) with a smaller site in Casper, Wyoming (WY). Multiple servers will be distributed throughout these sites to support the various services required by each department. Throughout the growing enterprise, there will initially be 90 employees distributed into five departments between the two sites. Contoso has a small Executive department of 9 personnel, 15 employees in the Accounts and Sales department, 49 personnel staffing the Creative, Media, and Production department, 12 members of the Human Resources and Finance department and 5 IT employees. As FL is Contosos main site, the majority of employees will be based there with one-third of each department working out of the WY site to split company responsibilities between locations. Windows Server 2012 will be the Operating System (OS) deployed to all servers within the organization due to a few key features. Firstly, the use of PowerShell within Windows Server 2012 will be very important to the management of Contosos network. Microsoft has vastly increased the number of available PowerShell cmdlets to allow for more robust management from the command line (Otey, 2011). This will allow the IT staff to manage company assets via command line interface and script out a majority of routine network management duties. Furthermore, Microsofts Server Manager utility can remotely manage multiple servers, up to 100 at a single time (Microsoft, 2013). This will allow the IT employees to manage the entire organization remotely without physically visiting each server as well as eliminating the need for the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) for management tasks. These two features in particular will simplify the network management for Contosos small IT support staff throughout bo th sites. Other features such as the use of Storage Tiers will be quite impactful for users throughout the organization, particularly the employees in the Creative, Media, and Production department. These are just a few features that Contoso can take advantage of within their organization. Deployment and Server Configurations: Contosos network will be constructed with 24 total servers throughout the enterprise to handle organizational growth over the next few years while being configured to have robust failover solutions. This will be done to ensure the company can recover from any single failure while still fulfilling their organizational goals. Services for Contosos daily operations, such as Domain Controllers, Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name Servers (DNS), file servers, web servers and print servers will be provided by these servers. In addition, both sites will be mirrored to allow each site to function if the WAN link between the sites happens to go down, but also for organizational purposes and ease of management by the small IT department. If implemented properly, Contosos enterprise network can scale to their expected growth while having incredibly high reliability. The main FL site will have two Domain Controllers FL_DC1 and FL_DC2. The primary domain controller, FL_DC1, will be configured to run Domain Name Services (DNS), Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) as well as performing the role of Domain Controller. FL_DC2 will be a copy of FL_DC1 and will act as a backup in case of corruption or server failure. Both Domain Controllers will run the Server Core version of Windows Server with the graphical user interface (GUI). The Active Directory role will need to be installed to provide Directory Services along with being able to organize and manage the organization through the use of group policy discussed later in the proposal. Additionally, FL_DC2 will be designated as a Global Catalogue to aid in any type of searching to be done throughout the other site, decreasing the burden on the primary DC.   A full chart of needed servers and their intended purpose can be seen below. Server Role Location FL_DC* Primary/Secondary Domain Controller/DNS/DHCP Server Pensacola, Florida FL_FS_HRF* Primary/Secondary HRF File Server Pensacola, Florida FL_FS_CMP* Primary/Secondary CMP File Server Pensacola, Florida FL_FS* Primary/Secondary File Server/Print Server Pensacola, Florida FL_MX* Primary/Secondary Mail Server Pensacola, Florida FL_WWW* Primary/Secondary Web Server Pensacola, Florida WY_DC* Primary/Secondary Domain Controller/DNS/DHCP Server Casper, Wyoming WY_FS_HRF* Primary/Secondary HRF File Server Casper, Wyoming WY_FS_CMP* Primary/Secondary CMP File Server Casper, Wyoming WY_FS* Primary/Secondary File Server/Print Server Casper, Wyoming WY_MX* Primary/Secondary Mail Server Casper, Wyoming WY_WWW* Primary/Secondary Web Server Casper, Wyoming As the Human Resources and Finances department will be dealing with highly sensitive financial data for the company, they will have their own exclusive file server, FL_FS_HRF1, which will be backed up to FL_FS_HRF2. Full backups will be conducted weekly with differential backups occurring every night. Shares will be hosted on this server with permissions applied to only allow members of the Human Resources and Finances department access to any resources on it. The other department to have their own dedicated file servers is the Creative, Media, and Production employees. Similar to the Finance department, there will be a primary server and a backup, FL_FS_CMP1 and FL_FS_CMP2. These servers will also follow the same backup schedule as the Finance department as well as having its share accesses locked down to only those employees within the department. Storage pools will be created to implement storage tiers on the primary file server. Multiple traditional mechanical hard disk drives (HDD) and solid state drives (SSD) will be assigned to the storage pool. The SSD tier will be configured to house the most frequently accessed data while the HDD tier will house data accessed less often. The storage tier optimization task will be scheduled to run every evening during off hours. The rest of the personnel at the FL site will use a single file server FL_FS1, which will also be backed up to FL_FS2 in a manner similar to the Finance and Creative departments. Storage on this server will be split among the other departments and quotas will be enforced using the File Server Resource Manager (FSRM). Using this method of quota management will allow the IT department to centrally control and monitor the daily storage resources and generate storage reports to analyze disk usage trends (Microsoft, 2008). Users will be set up for home folders nested under their respective department share with access being granted only to those members of the department, and each user of that department only having access to their own personal folder through application of NTFS permissions. Users will all be given the same amount of space initially and expansion requests will be scrutinized. Due to the more advanced features of FSRM as compared to NTFS quotas, administrative notification scripts can be set to run when a user nears their allocated quota limit (Microsoft, 2008). The IT department will implement a semi-automated process with administrative scripts once these quotas are met to trigger a quota increase request process. All file servers in the network will be installed with Server Core with the GUI. Having a public presence on the internet will be crucial for Contoso to gain new clients and allow their business to grow over the next few years. Company mail servers will also be needed to communicate internally and interface with their customers as well. The FL site will have their own dedicated mail and web servers, with FL_MX1 and FL_WWW1 acting as primary, and FL_MX2 and FL_WWW2 being mirrored backups for their respective roles. These servers will run the Server Core edition of Windows Server 2012 because of its stability improvements as well as it being inherently more secure than other editions of Windows Server due to far less running services than full GUI versions (Microsoft, 2017). Public facing assets, such as mail or web servers, are often the first point of cyber-attacks and Server Core will decrease the attack footprint. The WY site will have the exact same configuration as the primary FL site as seen in the network diagram below. Backup solutions and fault tolerance were built-in to this proposal to prevent downtime for the network and prevent monetary loss for the company. In the event that any one node within the network fails, Contoso can continue with their day to day operations while resolutions are developed and implemented by the IT department. This configuration was chosen to have the maximum reliability and fault tolerance which will be crucial for a growing organization. A simplified diagram of Contosos network can be seen below to illustrate how their network could be structured to accomplish the goals of this deployment proposal. NETWORK DIAGRAM Active Directory and Group Policy: Contosos network will have two domains within a single forest, one for each site. The FL site will be contoso.com and the WY site will be north.contoso.com with each new site that Contoso builds in the future following a similar structure. Domain Controllers will be placed in each site for management within their domain. Organizational Units (OU) will be used for organization with Active Directory with each department having their own OU nested under their domain. Active Directory objects will be created for each user and will be organized by job role and placed into their respective OUs. Computer objects within Active Directory will follow a similar structure. This is to ensure proper organization, application of Group Policy, and ease of network management throughout the domain. Software programs needed throughout the organization will be deployed through the use of group policy, if the number of employees that require it are high enough or it is not feasible for the IT department to physically visit every computer for installation. This can be done with the group policy management console within Windows Server. Packages can be configured that will deploy .msi files and will be installed upon next computer reboot, if the policy was configured under the computer configuration section of the GPO management editor. Programs like Adobe Reader, Photoshop, and QuickBooks could be deployed to different departments while Wireshark or Zenmap could be deployed to different servers throughout the network for traffic analysis. Software restriction policies will also be used in the domain as they will be able to control execution of software at the discretion of the network administrators (Microsoft, 2004). Using these policies, the IT department can configure the enviro nment to prevent unauthorized programs at their discretion based on a hash, certificate, path, or zone identifiers. To maintain a high level of security throughout the enterprise, a strong password policy will be strictly enforced. Strong passwords that are often changed will be used as passwords are continuously vulnerable, especially during password assignment, management, and use (Microsoft, 2017). Contoso employees will be required to have a password of at least 10 characters in length with a mixture of mixed case characters, special characters, and numbers. Password age thresholds will be set in the password policy for a maximum age of 45 days and a minimum age of 30 days. A password history of 10 will be set to prevent users from cycling back to previously used passwords quickly. This will ensure that if any user credentials are compromised, they wont be of use to an undetected malicious user for long. In addition to the general password policy just discussed, the administrators will also be subject to a fine-grained password policy for security reasons. Fine-grained password policies will allow for multiple password policies to affect different users throughout a domain (Microsoft, 2012). Contoso will be able to use this feature of Windows Server to enforce stronger password restrictions upon select users, the IT department in this situation. Additional complexity, password history, minimum and maximum password ages, as well as increased password length requirements will be enforced upon these employees to protect the corporate network. In the event of a network breach, accounts with high power or permissions, such as the members of the IT department, will be the first group to be targeted by malicious users. By having frequently changing and complex passwords, this will increase the time for passwords to be cracked as well as shorten the available time for them to be used by mali cious cyber actors. Additional security measures to be enforced will include the disabling of user accounts after 10 days of no activity. Account deletion will occur after 30 days of inactivity, unless prior arrangement is made through the IT support department. This will be done to ensure access to network and company resources remain secure from malicious attacks. Furthermore, account logon hours will be applied as determined by the employees regular work hours with an hour of buffer time at the start and end of their regular work day. In addition to the hardware firewalls already in place, the use of Windows Firewall will be applied to each computer within the organization through group policy and rules will be tailored to each department. For example, outbound traffic from the Human Resources and Finance department user workstations to the Creative, Media, and Production file server will be blocked. Special precautions for the public facing infrastructure, such as the mail and web servers, will have extra restrictions placed on them for additional security. For example, incoming ICMP traffic from the public internet will be blocked to prevent against Denial of Service (DOS) attacks. Windows Defender will also be active on all employee workstations throughout the enterprise as well as all servers. The right configuration of the hardware and software firewalls and Microsofts security product should protect Contoso from numerous cyber threats. These are just a few policies laid out to begin the hardening of the netw ork and the IT department will develop others as they see fit. Print Services: The print and document services role will be installed on the primary file server at each site, FL_FS1 and WY_FS1, with multiple print devices located throughout the environment. Specifically, there will initially be two print devices located within each department to accommodate printer pooling as a means of load balancing the print jobs between the many users. Any employee will be able to print to other print devices outside of their department, but they will have a lower priority than employees utilizing their own department resources. DNS and DHCP: IPv4 addresses will be used throughout the organization for simplicity of management as that is still widely used today. In the future when Contoso grows and global adoption rates of IPv6 increase, reconsideration of addressing will take place. As there will be many network-critical devices throughout the enterprise network, such as file servers, printers, and domain controllers, these computers will all be assigned static IP addresses rather than have DHCP reservations. This will be done to ensure that critical devices are always reachable in case of a DHCP failure. Other devices such as employee workstations, company laptops, or other mobile devices will have address management performed through the use of DHCP. Scopes will be configured to have lease durations of 16 hours. This will ensure that an address assignment covers a full work day while still being short enough to prevent the pool of available addresses from running low from mobile devices entering and leaving the network throughout the day. DNS and DHCP services will be handled by the primary domain controllers of each site, respectively. Those servers will also act as a backup for their sister servers in the opposite site for failover solutions in the event of server failure or corruption. The 80/20 rule will be applied within each scope; the primary DHCP server provides roughly 80% of the addresses within its scope with the secondary providing the remaining addresses. This will be done to provide address assignment in situations where the primary DHCP server is unable to fulfill its services (Microsoft, 2005). Summary: In summary, the network infrastructure and hardware will be set up at both sites in a mirrored fashion to provide ease of management for the IT department in addition to allowing for easy growth over the next few years. The multiple domains and logical structure of active directory will ease the burden of organization and administration of the enterprise network. Each server will have a dedicated backup server for cases of machine failure, corruption, or other disaster. Security practices such as the password policy, use of Windows security software, and additional firewall restrictions will ensure that the company sensitive business matters are protected. Estimating conservatively, the IT department could complete the initial setup within a week. While this network deployment may seem excessive, Contoso Advertising is a growing enterprise that requires a solution that will be able to scale as their organization grows. References Manage Multiple, Remote Servers with Server Manager. (2013, June 24). Retrieved January 10, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831456(v=ws.11).aspx Microsoft. (2008, January 21). File Server Resource Manager. Retrieved February 01, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754810(v=ws.10).aspx Microsoft. (2017). Why Is Server Core Useful? Retrieved January 18, 2017, from https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd184076.aspx Microsoft. (2017). Configuring Password Policies. Retrieved February 09, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd277399.aspx Microsoft. (2005, January 21). Best Practices. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc958920.aspx Microsoft. (2012, October 19). AD DS: Fine-Grained Password Policies. Retrieved February 25, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc770394(v=ws.10).aspx Microsoft. (2004, May 25). Using Software Restriction Policies to Protect Against Unauthorized Software. Retrieved February 25, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb457006.aspx#EEAA Otey, M. (2011, October 17). Top 10: New Features in Windows Server 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2017, from http://windowsitpro.com/windows-server-2012/top-10-new-features-windows-server-2012

The Guilt of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Characters in the Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth scarcely feel guilt - with two exceptions: Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In this essay let's consider their guilt-problem. In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson comments regarding the guilt of the protagonist: It is a subtler thing which constitutes the chief fascination that the play exercises upon us - this fear Macbeth feels, a fear not fully defined, for him or for us, a terrible anxiety that is a sense of guilt without becoming (recognizably, at least) a sense of sin. It is not a sense of sin because he refuses to recognize such a category; and, in his stubbornness, his savage defiance, it drives him on to more and more terrible acts. (74) Blanche Coles states in Shakespeare's Four Giants that, regarding guilt in the play: Briefly stated, and with elaborations to follow, Macbeth is the story of a kindly, upright man who was incited and goaded, by the woman he deeply loved, into committing a murder and then, because of his sensitive nature, was unable to bear the heavy burden of guilt that descended upon him as a result of that murder. (37) A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy demonstrates the guilt of Macbeth from the very beginning: Precisely how far his mind was guilty may be a question; but no innocent man would have started, as he did, with a start of fear at the mere prophecy of a crown, or have conceived thereupon immediately the thought of murder. Either this thought was not new to him, or he had cherished at least some vaguer dishonourable dream, the instantaneous recurrence of which, at the moment of his hearing of prophecy, revealed to him an inward and terrifying guilt. (316) In "Memoranda: Remarks on the C... ...1957.    Frye, Northrop. Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1967.    Kemble, Fanny. "Lady Macbeth." Macmillan's Magazine, 17 (February 1868), p. 354-61. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. http://chemicool.com/Shakespeare/macbeth/full.html, no lin.    Siddons, Sarah. "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth." The Life of Mrs. Siddons. Thomas Campbell. London: Effingham Wilson, 1834. Rpt. in Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts, eds. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1997.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.

Analysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Essay -- Dream Deferred

Analysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Dreams are the driving force of America today. Every person has some sort of dreams and or goals. Although in life everyone has dreams and goals, there are obviously more struggles for some ethnic groups than for others. The poem, "Dream Deferred," by Langston Hughes, is one man's expression of his dreams during a difficult time period. As a black man in a time period where African-Americans were considered an inferior group of people,dreams and goals would have been difficult to realize. Langston Hughes aptly expresses his frustrations in his poem, "Dream Deferred." As people read this poem, in any time period, they can relate to the simple universal message that the poet expressed. Hughes is very expressive in how he feels about dreams he has had and the fact and his frustration at not being able to pursue and/or fulfill those dreams that he is unable to pursue or fulfill those dreams. In his poem, Hughes asks the reader to think by posing the question, ?What happens to a dream deferred??(1). This first li...

Macroeconomics and Government Essay

How are presidential election outcomes related to the performance of the economy? 2. (7 points) Discuss the difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. 3. (10 points) Use the concepts of gross and net investment to distinguish between an economy that has a rising stock of capital and one that has a falling stock of capital. â€Å"In 1933 net private domestic investment was minus $6 billion. This means that in that particular year the economy produced no capital goods at all. † Do you agree? Why or why not? Explain: â€Å"Though net investment can be positive, negative, or zero, it is quite impossible for gross investment to be less than zero. † 4. (7 points) What are the major factors that have affected U. S. household consumption since the recession in 2001? 5. (7 points) Briefly explain how the following would shift the IS function to the right. a. A change to lump-sum taxation (Specify whether increase or decrease is needed to shift IS curve to the right. ) b. A change to government spending (Specify whether increase or decrease is needed to shift IS curve to the right. ) 6. (7 points) Explain briefly how a change to the following MS, MD, or P (ceteris paribus) would shift the LM function to the right. Include in your discussion whether the variable would have to increase or decrease to cause the rightward LM shift. Discuss which of these the FED exercises control over. a. MS. b. MD (money demand). c. P (price index). 7. (7 points) By how much will GDP change if firms increase their investment by $8 billion and the MPC is . 80? If the MPC is . 67? 8. (10 points) Suppose that private sector spending is highly sensitive to a change in interest rate. Compare the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy in terms of rising and lowering real GDP 9. (10 points) Assume that a hypothetical economy with an MPC of . 8 is experiencing severe recession. By how much would government spending have to increase to shift the aggregate demand curve rightward by $25 billion? How large a tax cut would be needed to achieve this same increase in aggregate demand? Why the difference? Determine one possible combination of government spending increases and tax decreases that would accomplish this same goal. 10. (7 points) What are government’s fiscal policy options for ending severe demand-pull inflation? Use the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model to show the impact of these policies on the price level. Which of these fiscal policy options do you think might be favored by a person who wants to preserve the size of government? A person who thinks the public sector is too large? 11. (10 points) Explain why relatively flat as opposite relatively steep labor demand curves are more consistent with the empirical observation that there are relatively minor changes in the real wage rate over the course of the business cycle. 12. (7 points) Is sustainable long-run equilibrium always reached when the AD and SAS curves intersect? Why or why not? 13. (7 points) If the equilibrium real wage remains constant, what happens to the nominal wage when the actual inflation rate exceeds the expected inflation rate? 14. (7 points) â€Å"In the steady state, the government benefits from inflation. † Explain. Answers Question 1. Studies have proven that presidential election outcomes are definitely related to the performance of the economy. The winning presidential party retains the office of presidency while personal income grows at a faster, higher rate than the long-term rate. The incumbent presidential party will be voted out of office when income grows at a rate lower than the long term rate. Question 2. Microeconomics meaning small, is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual households and firms by making decisions on the allocation of limited resources. Normally, it applies to markets where goods or services are bought and sold. Macroeconomics meaning large, is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy in a whole, rather than individual markets like in Microeconomics. This includes national, regional, and global economies. Question 3. Depreciation + Net Investment = Gross Investment if I rearrange it, it will say; Depreciation – Gross Investment = Net Investment Since capital stock of an economy only rises when net investment is positive, that is when gross investment exceeds depreciation. So naturally the capital stock falls when net investment is negative, that is when gross investment is less than depreciation. In 1933 net private domestic investment was minus $6 billion. This does NOT mean the country produced no capital goods: what it means is that the production of capital goods was less than what was lost due to wear and tear, thus the net impact was an overall loss in capital stock. Gross private investment in most cases cannot be negative, since you can decide not to invest in new factories, but how do you decide to make a negative investment on an economy wide scale. Question 4. Household consumption has been diminishing or is flat to be honest. Income and employment rates have slowly been declining or stays in one particular place. Energy producers have increased the percentage of household budgets for fuel and electricity. According to economics, it shows minimal growth since 2001. Question 5. The IS function is the investment-saving function. A shift to the right implies that for any given level of output the interest rate has gone up, and vice versa. Now for the examples: (a) A change in lump-sum taxation: A lump-sum reduction in the tax rate has the same effect as increased government deficit with people and firms increasing their spending, pushing out the IS curve. (b) A change in government spending: Increased government spending will have the same impact as lower savings, and will push the IS curve to the right Question 6. The LM function is liquidity preference minus the money supply. It tells that real money balances are a primary function of the interest rate and real income. This is usually represented as M/P = L(r, Y), which states real money balance M/P, where M is nominal money balance and P is price level, depends on the real interest rate r and real output Y. An increase in money supply will cause the LM curve to shift to the right, thus lowering the equilibrium interest rate and increasing the equilibrium output. An increase in the demand for money should have the same impact: shift the LM curve to the right. If the price level falls the LM curve will shift to the right since real money balances will increase in such a case. The Fed has control over the nominal money supply but not on money demand and price level. Money demand depends on the transaction demand of money and the Fed cannot influence the prices (they are determined by the market and customers) so as powerful as the Fed is they cannot influence demand for money. Question 7. If MPC = 0. 67, multiplier = 1/1-0. 67 = 1/0. 33=3. Income should increase to 3Ãâ€"8 so it would end up at $24 billion. If Mp = 0. 8, Multiplier = 1/1-0. 8=1/0. 2=5, income should increase to 5Ãâ€"8 so it would end up at $40 billion. Question 8. Ok, if the private sector spending is highly sensitive to changes in interest rates then the monetary policy will be more effective in determining the movement of real output. This is due to the fact that a small rise in interest rates then a small reduction in money supply will quell any demand-pull inflation and therefor bringing the economy back to the long-run equilibrium. While a small reduction in interest rates should push up the aggregate demand in similar measures. Government policy has a bigger impact on the autonomous part of aggregate expenditure and hence will have a lower impact in such a scenario. Question 9. MPC = 0. 8, we can say that the multiplier, which is defined to be Multiplier = 1/MPS = 1/(1-MPC) then is equal to 5. So, we increase AD by $25 billion the government has to increase spending by $5 billion. A larger tax cut would be needed to achieve the same goal since people do not want to or wish to spend everything they get. Given that people are spending 80% of each additional dollar if the government provides a tax cut of $5 billion I would say people would only spend $4 out of that. Thus the final impact will be 4Ãâ€"5 = $20 billion. To get people to spend $5 billion, the government has to lower taxes by $6. 25 billion (6. 25Ãâ€"0. 8 = 5 if the formula I used). Any combination that hopes to achieve the $25 billion raise in AD will have to increase initial spending by at least $5 billion. Suppose the government increase spending by G and provides a tax cut T, then any combination that satisfies: G + 0. 8T = 5 will serve the purpose. Question 10. The government has two options when it wants to influence the macroeconomic: A. it can change taxes or B. It can change its spending patterns. If economics is facing a demand-pull inflation it means AD is rising quicker than expected. The four components of AD are; 1. household consumption (C), 2. gross private investment (I), 3. government expenditure (G), 4. Net exports (NX). Normally we would take I, G and X to be exogenous variables. Soto curtail a demand-pull inflation the government has to work on somehow curtailing consumption (C) and imports (M), or we can also cut down its own personal spending. The two options with the government in such a case then would be: (a) Cut down government spending: a reduction in G will then also make a reduce in AD. (b) Increase taxes: This would bring down the disposable income and will then also bring down both C and M. For a person who wants to preserve the size of the government the second option I think would be a better choice, since the government is retaining its size and is still able to bring the requisite change in AD. A person who thinks public sector is too large will opt for the first move, reducing G, since that will immediately mean the government has become smaller. Which I personally would vote for, out government could use a little trimming. Question 11. The simplest way for me to look at it is like this; If the demand curve is flat, then a reduction or an increment in labor demand does not alter the price at all. But on the other hand, if the demand curve is, then an equivalent change in demand has much bigger change in the wage rates. Empirical results suggest that wages are sticky, and the steep labor demand curve cannot explain this observation. Question 12. When the AD and SAS intersect it is called a â€Å"short-run macroeconomic equilibrium. † This is NOT sustainable unless it the intersection point falls on the LAS curve. The reason is any such intersection to the left of the LAS curve will not be using any resources, and companies will have an incentive to increase production without putting too much pressure on the costs, while an intersection to the right will put too much inflationary pressure therefor making it unsustainable. Question 13. Inflation- Nominal Wage Rate = Real Wage Rate So therefor, Expected inflation- Expected Nominal Wage Rate = Expected Real Wage Rate. It can also be written as; Expected Real Wage Rate + Expected inflation = Expected Nominal Wage Rate. If the equilibrium real wage rate remains constant, meanwhile inflation exceeds expected inflation then the nominal wage rate has to rise, there is no other choice. Question 14. In the steady state, the government benefits from inflation. I assume that the steady state here means the long-run macroeconomic equilibrium. The economy would like some small inflation at some point since with a small inflation the real costs for companies always fall and they have to have an incentive in order to increase production. To see why consider the contracts that companies set up, They are all based on nominal variables. A small inflation will reduce the real value of these contracts, and keeping with the domino affect the firms have an incentive to increase real output at lower real costs. Total output will rise in this particular case, pushing out the LAS curve. The government would also benefit with higher tax earnings.